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  Kurdish philosophers and scientists

Badi'al-Zaman Abū al-'Izz Ismā'īl ibn al-Razāz al-Jazarī Title al-Jazari Born 1136CE Died 1206CE Nationality Kurdish Era Islamic golden age Main interest(s) scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, craftsman, artist, and mathematician Father of Robotics World Badi'al-Zaman Abū al-'Izz ibn Ismā'īl ibn al-Razāz al-Jazarī...

Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī

By Prof. M. R. Izady The year 1996 marks the 1,100th anniversary of the passing of one of the greatest Kurdish and Islamic minds of all times, Abu-Hanifa Ahmad Dinawari. Among the founders of the Islamic sciences as we know them today, he was born in dinwar circa AD 820 as Abu Hanifa Ahmad son of Dawud son of Wanand....

Abu'l-Fida

Born November , 1273 Damascus Died October 27, 1331 Hama Other names Abu Al-fida' Isma'il Ibn 'ali Abu al-Fida (Arabic: أبو الفداء‎; November 1273 – October 27, 1331), fully Abu Al-fida' Isma'il Ibn 'ali ibn Mahmud Al-malik Al-mu'ayyad 'imad Ad-din and better known in English as Abulfeda,[a] was a Kurdish[1]...

Suhrawardī

Shahāb ad-Dīn Yahya ibn Habash ibn Amirak as-Suhrawardī Religion Islam[1] Other names Sohrevardi, Shahab al-Din Personal Born 1154 Sohrevard (present-day Zanjan Province of Iran) Died 1191 Nationality kurdish Aleppo (present-day Syria) Senior posting Based in Suhraward Title Shaykh al-Ishraq, Shaykh al-Maqtul Period...

Shams al-Din Shahrazuri

Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Mahmud Shahrazuri was a 13th-century Muslim physician, historian and philosopher. He was of Kurdish origin.[1] It appears that he was alive in AD 1288. However, it is also said that he died in the same year.[1] Shahrazuri was an important historian and scholar of the late 13th century who...

Ibn al-Akfani

Muhammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn al-Akfani (1286-ca. 1348-49) was an Kurdish encyclopedist and Physician , mathematician , astronomer and scholar . Life Ibn al-Akfani was born in Sinjar, Iraq and lived in Cairo, Egypt. He worked at Al-Mansuri Hospital. He died in either 1348 or 1349 of the bubonic plague.[1] Work He wrote at...

Ibn Hawqal

Born Nisibis Died ca. 978 Residence Islamic civilization nationality kurdish Academic work Era Islamic Golden Age Main interests Islamic geography Notable works Ṣūrat al-’Arḍ Muḥammad Abū’l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥawqal ‎‎, born in Kurdish city Nisibis, Upper Mesopotamia;[1] travelled 943-969 CE) was a 10th-century Muslim writer,...

Ziryab

Monument of Ziryab represented as a blackbird in Córdoba, Spain Born Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi Mosul, Abbasid Caliphate Died 857 Córdoba, Emirate of Córdoba Occupation linguist, geographer, poet, chemist, musician, astronomer, gastronomist Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi' or Ziryab (789–857) was a singer, oud player,...

al-Amidi

Born 1156 Diyarbakır Died 1233 Damascus Ethnicity Kurdish[1] Region Ayyubid dynasty Religion Islam Denomination Sunni Jurisprudence Shafi'i Creed Ash'ari[2] Main interest(s) Islamic theology, Hadith, Islamic jurisprudence Sayf al-Din al-Amidi (also known as Muhammad al-Amidi[3]) (1156 Diyarbakır - 1233 Damascus[3])...

Kamāl al-Dīn Ibn Yūnus Al-Mawsili (Erbili).Born: 1156, Erbil.Died: 1242.Mathematician, physician, philosopher and logician.Kamāl-e addin-e Abolfath کمال‌الدین ابن يونس اربلي (yā abu omran) Musā bon-e Yunes-e bon-e Mohammad-e bon-e manaa bon-e mālek-e bon-e mohamd ebne saade ebne saeed ebne āsem bon-e āed bon-e Ka’b bon-e qeys dar panjom sefr 551 qamari barābar bā 30 mārs-e 1,156 milādi...

Ibn al-Azraq al-Fāriqī

Ibn al-Azraq al-Fāriqī /Scientist,Narrator, historian, geographer Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf ibn ʻAlī Ibn al-Azraq al-Fāriqī Born: 1116 Died: 1176 Her famous work:The history of the Jazira There is no translation of the biography Zendegi-ye nāme U dar mianfarqin, az šahrhā-ye mohemm-e Diyārbakr , dar xānevāde ey asil-o saršenās...

Ali ibn Taj al-Din Sinjari

Ali ibn Taj al-Din Sinjari (Kurdish historian,Author). book: Manaih al-karam fi akhbar Makkah wa-al-Bayt wa-wulat al-Haram No text translation available Ali-ye bon-e Tājeddin bon Taqi addin bon Yahyā bon-e Esmāil bon abd arrahmān bon-e Mostafā al-sanjari al-maki nevisande‌-ye ketāb-e mašhur manāyeh al-karam dar zamine...

Mir Hoseyn exlāti

mira husein akhlati Kurdish scientist/bitlis,turkey Alchemist, musician,mathematician scientist,mystic There is no translation of the biography Kamāleddin Hoseyn-e Alhoseyni ma’ruf be exlāt-i bon-e Ali-ye Hoseyni afsati[1]-o molfeb be kamāl-e addin-e Hoseyni[2] az dānešmandān-e olum-e qaribe[3] az jomle olum jafr,[4]...

Bahāe din Ali ebn Isā Arbeli,movarrex

Abu` al-Hasan 'Ali bin 'Isa` b. Abi al-Fath al-Arbali said: "The outstanding qualities of 'Ali b. al-Husayn are more than the stars. The one who describes them goes to a boundless place. They appear in the sky of outstanding qualities as the stars appear for those who seek guidance through them. How is that not?...

Ebn-e al-hajeb

ibn al-hajib/Kurdish scholar from the Book of Kurdish descent Scientists Jamāl-e addin-e abu omar Osmān bon-e omar ebn Abibakr, nahvi ma’ruf (570 -646 h .Q .). Aslan irāni az nežād kard-o pedar-aš hājeb amir ezedin mousek bude . Movalled-e u Mesr. Dar Qāhere olum-e adabi-yo feqh āmuxt-o cand-i dar Damešq tadris karde...

Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad

Bahā' ad-Dīn Yusuf ibn Rafi ibn Shaddād the honorific title "Bahā' al-Dīn" means "splendour of the faith") (7 March 1145 – 8 November 1234) was a 12th-century Muslim jurist and scholar, a Kurdish[1] historian of great note, notable for writing a biography of Saladin whom he knew well.[2] Ibn...

badre-ddin abol-maali‌ِ arbali

badr al-din abolmaali erbili Kurdish scholar the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Ebn xatib Arbel-i, badre-ddin abol-maali‌ِ Mohammad-e bon Ali (686 - 755q‌/1,287-1,354m‌), adib, šāer, nevisande, nahvi-yo faqihi šāfei-st. Nasab Nasab-at u rā Arbel-i...

Ali ibn Xizer āmidi

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Ali-ye bon Xezr āmadi ebn-e ahmad ebne Yusof-e bon Xezr āmadi hanbali , molaqqab be zin-e addin-e faqih-o ālam be ta’bir xāb bud-o dar sāl-e 710 h . Q . Dar Baqdād vafāt kard. U rāst ketāb‌hā-ye : 1 -...

ibn al-salah

Abū `Amr `Uthmān ibn `Abd al-Raḥmān Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Kurdī al-Shahrazūrī (1181 CE/577 AH – 1245/643), commonly known as Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ, was a Shafi'i hadith specialist and the author of the seminal Introduction to the Science of Hadith. He was originally from Sharazor, was raised in Mosul and then resided in Damascus,...

Molla Gürani

Molla Gürani/ kurdish scholar There is no translation of the biography Molla Gürani (d. 1410,[1] Gürân veya Hiler, Diyarbakır - ö.1488, İstanbul). Şafii mezhebine bağl din alimi, müderrris, kadı, kazasker, şehzade hocası, Osmanlı Devleti müftüsü ve dördüncü şeyhülislamı.Tam ismi,Şemsuddin Ahmed bin İsmâil bin Osman...

Sibt al-Maridini

Sibt al-Maridini, full name Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ghazal (1423 – 1506 AD), was an kurdish Egyptian-born astronomer and mathematician. His father came from Damascus. The word "Sibt al-Maridini" means "the son of Al-Mardini's daughter". His maternal grandfather, Abdullah...

varam ibn abi fares hali

veeram ibn abi ibn fares /scholar His book about religious ethics No text translation available a-bol hoseyne varām bon-e abi forase bon-e Hamdān Māleki naxai holi, mohaddes qarn-e šešom-o āqāz-e qarn-e haftom-e qamari. Mohemm‌tarin ketāb-e vey ke bāes-e mašhur-e šodan-aš niz gardid, tanbih-e al khavater-o nezhate...

Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi

Al-Hafiz Zain al-Din 'Abd al-Rahim al-'Iraqi (725/1325-806/1404) was from a Kurdish family and born in Iraq. He later moved to Cairo. He became one of the leading Shafi'i scholars and scholars of hadith at his time. Among his many students was Ibn Hajar[disambiguation needed].[1] Works From his works is the book...

Ziyāoddin al-marani

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Ziyāoddin . [ Yod-e dey ] (ax ) almarani,abol-omar Osmān bon-e Isā bon-e darbas al-marani , al-kordi. Ziyāoddin , dar asr-e xiš az a’lam shafein dar yāddāšt-e hāye feqhi bud. Nesbat-aš be bani mārān...

Allāme‌ ibn vājam

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Allāme_-ye ebn-e vāj-am - Dān nāme Dar 1,160 h.Q dar rustā-ye rast nāhiye‌-ye bāle‌-ye ke Kordestān-e Arāq tavallod yāft-o pas az be pāyān-e resāndan-e tahsilāt-e olum-e ān zamān tā āxar-e omr be...

subject

(( A historical theory )) Referring to an issue Kurdish king: diako the beginning of knowledge Law and Policy Deioces: kurdish king of median the first king of world

Mahmud Bayazidi

Mahmud Bayazidi (Kurdish; Mehmûdê Bazîdî ) (1797 Doğubeyazıt–1859 Erzurum), was a Kurdish writer, polymath from Bayazid in the Ottoman Empire. Early life He was born in Bayazid (present-day Doğubeyazıt in Ağrı Province, Turkey) in 1797. He started his studies by reading the Koran, and then Arabic, Persian, Ottoman and...

Sharaf xani Bidlisi

A portrait of Sharaf Khan Bidlisi Reign Emirate of Bitlis Successor Shamsaddin Bag Abu Alma'ali Dynasty Bitlisi dynasty Father Shamsaddin Batlisi Born February 25, 1543 Died 1603 (60 years) Sharaf Khan Bidlisi or Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi (Kurdish: , Şerefxanê Bedlîsî; was a medieval Kurdish emir and a politician from the...

Ezeddin hasan Arbali(howlery)

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Hosn-e Arbel-i . [ He sin ne o be ] (ax ) ebn-e mohammad ebne ahmad ebne naja, molaqqab be Ezeddin .Dar nasibin dar 586 h . Q . Motevalled šod-o dar Damešq boz-i-st-o hamanja dar 660 h . Q . Dar gozašt ....

Ebussuud Efendi

Ebussuud Efendi (Turkish: Mehmed Ebussuûd Efendi, 1490–August 23, 1574[1]) was a Hanafi Ottoman jurist and Qur'an exegete. He was also called "El-İmâdî",[1] because his family was from İmâdiyye,Kurdish descent[1] "Abū s-Su'ūd" or "Hoca Çelebi". Ebussuud was the son of İskilipli Sheikh...

calabi

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Mohammad šahir be calabi kordi mohaqqeqi tavānā bud.Dar belād-e xod az jam’i mohaqqeqān axz elm kard.Sepas dāxel Rum šod.Edde‌-ye ey az olamā-ye qarib-e 70 nafar nazd u kasb feyz kardand-o afrād-e ziyādi...

kamal al-din sharazuri

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available mohammade ebne abdollahe- bne al-ghaseme shahrezouri molaqqab be kamāl-e addin . Faqih-o adib-o kāteb-e qarn-e šešom-e hejri . U be sale 492 h . Q . Dar Musel be donya āmade-vo dar mansab qazā nešast-o...

Ma’ruf-e Nowdehi barzanji

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Seyyed Mohammad-e šahir be ma’ruf-e Nowdehi az sādāt-e barzanji ke lod-aš qarye ye node az ommāl-e Soleymāniye ye Arāq-o mowten-e u Soleymāniye bude-vo tavallod-aš dar sāl-e 1,166و vafāt-aš be sale...


Abd-al-Razzāq Beyg (1176-1243/1762-63 to 1827-28), literary biographer, poet, and historian of the early Qajar period. ʿAbd-al-Razzāq came of a family of turkicized Kurds, the Donbolī, who had long been dominant in the region...

Mohammad vasim takhtavi marduxi

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani There is no translation of the biography In dānešmand-e kamnazir-e ke mašhur be (allāme‌-ye ye قلا culān-qal’e‌-ye ye cāhār lān)bude,farzand-e allāme‌-ye Ahmad-e bon-e Mostafā taxti-ye mardux-i az mašāhir-o fozalā-vo modarresin-e...

HUSAM AL-DIN CHELEBI

After Salah al-Din, the goldsmith, passed away, Husam al-Din Chelebi became the companion and deputy to Rumi. The family of Husam al-Din Chelebi, who is described by Sipehsalar as the person in whom divine light is manifested, teacher of secrets of truth and knowing God, a personality of whom saints on the Muhammadi...

hIsām addin Mājedi

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Ālam-e āmel-o nehrir-e šahir-e marhum esām addin-e Mājedi ebn-e qāzi Abdolkarim dar sāl-e 1,282 šamsi dar qarye‌-ye ye dargāh-e Soleymān hume‌-ye ye šahrestān-e Saqqez motevalled šod.Dowrān-e tahsilāt-e...

Mir Xalil serti

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available U az olamā-ye qarn-e 18 milādi bude-vo u nazir-e Mohammad-e bon-e ādam-o yahyā mozavveri bude-ast.U dar 1,167hejri qamari-1,756miladi dar hizān-e Torkiye be donya āmade-vo pas az kasb-e ma’lumāt dar...

Abdonnabi Taswoji

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Mola’ Abdonnabi pesar-e šaraf-e addin-e Mohammad-e šarif Tasawoji az dānešmandān-e qarn-e sizdahom-o az šāgerdān-e mala’ rafi’ gilāni bude-vo be vāsete‌-ye vey az allāme‌-ye majlesi revāyat mi‌karde-ast....

Ibrahim Hakkı Erzurumi (18 May 1703 – 22 June 1780), a popular sufi saint of Turkey from Erzurum in eastern Anatolia - mystic, poet, author, astronomer, physicist, psychologist, sociologist and Hanafi Maturidi[1] Islamic scholar. He was a Kurdish Sufi philosopher[2] and encyclopedist....


Ahmad ibn Yusof

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Ahmad-e bon-e Yusof-e bon-e Abdollāh-e bon-e omr bon-e Ali-ye bon-e Xezr kordi gurān-i al-asl qarafi-e šāfei ke be ebn-e Yusof ajami-ye ma’ruf-ast,osuli-yo adib bud,-o dar 810 dar mahall-e jarariye be...

Ahmad fāez barzanji

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Ahmad-e bon-e Seyyed Mahmud-e nave‌-ye ye hosn gol-e zardi-ye barzanji dar qarye‌-ye ye gol-e zard be sāl-e 1,285hejri motābeq-e 1,842miladi tavallod yāft.Olum rā nazd šeyx Mostafā barzanji-o mala’...

Jalis Dinvari

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Abu Abdollāh-e Hoseyn-e Musā bon-e hob ol-llah Dinvari nahvi az olamā-ye nahv-ast ke dar hodud sāl-e 490 h.q vafāt yāfte-ast. Az ta’lifāt-e u -"tamar al-sanaa " -al-horuf -el sobaya man alkol-am

Muhammad ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Jazari

Born 1350 CE (25 Ramadan 751 AH)[4] Damascus, Syria[4] Died 1429 CE (5 Rabi' al-awwal 833 AH)[4][4] nationality Kurdish Jurisprudence Shafi'i Main interest(s) Qira'at, Tajwid, Hadith, History, Fiqh Abu al-Khayr Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Yusuf al-Jazari (Arabic: Abol-xeyr Šamseddin...

Abubakr ibn mir Rostam

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Vojud-e Abubakr-e bon-e mir Rostami U be tir-e šahāb fekr-e xod nokāt-e saxt-o baste ye havāši-ye sialkouti bar šarh-e šamsi-yo motavval rā bā nahāyat-e saxti fath nemud. Az āsār-e gerānbahā-yi ke az u...

Borhān al-din šārāni

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available abol-erfan borhān-e addin-e Ebrāhim-e bon-e Hoseyn-e bon-e Šahābeddin šārān-i az dānešmandān-o mohaddesin bozorg-e qarn-e yāzdahom tā āqāz-e qarn-e davāzdahom-e hejri-st. Be sāl-e 1,025 dar šārān az...

Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin Ibrāhīm bin Abū Bakr ibn Khallikān[a][2] better known as Ibn Khallikān, was a 13th century Shafi'i Islamic scholar who compiled the celebrated biographical encyclopedia of Muslim scholars and important men in Muslim history, Wafayāt al-Aʿyān wa-Anbāʾ Abnāʾ az-Zamān...

Muhiya al-din sabri

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Mohiyeddin sabr-i al-kordi dānešmandi motedayyen-o ahl-e tahqiq-o tatabbo’ bude-ast.U tā sāl-e 1,312h.q dar šahr-e Sanandaj eqāmat dāšte-vo tahsilāt-aš rā dar hamin šahr šoru’ nemude-vo be sāl-e 1,313...

Musnef curi

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Mirzā Abubakr-e cur-i ((be kordi: mirzā abubakri chouri)) molaqqab be mosannef cur-i az dānešmandān-e dini kard sade deh-am-o yāzdahom-e hejri[1][2][3][4]-ast. Dar ordibehešt sāl 1,391 kongerei barā-ye...

Salāh al-din gurāni

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Salāh-e addin-e bon-e Mohammad-e bon-e gurān-i halabi-ye adib-o mošārek dar ba’z-i olum bud ke qāzi Halab šod-o dar hamanja vafāt yāft. Az āsār-e u: Ravāj al-bazaye fi zoy al-sanaye fi mā te malih-e...

Mohammad ibn al-hojaj

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Allāme‌-ye ye bozorgvār-o fāzel-e asil-e nāmdār-e Mohammad ebn al-hojaj hosn az qarye‌-ye ye sanjavi az nāhiye‌-ye ye Ālān motevalled šode .Ba’d az kasb-e tahsil-e malzum-e ān zamān bā jeddiyat-o kušeš-e...

Mir Ahmad gonbadi

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Ahmad-e bon-e al-haj Ebrāhim-e omr-e gonbadi,ke gonbad-e rustāyi dar atrāf-e kuy-ye sanjaq-ast.Ahmad-e gonbadi fardi bozorgvār-o najib-o sāheb-e asl-o nasb bude-ast ke be elm-o adab-e maqrur-o nazd...

ismail ibn Qāsim

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available esmail bon-e Qāsem bon-e izoun bon-e Hārun bon-e isaa bon-e Mohammad-e bon-e Salmān-e mašhur be abu Ali-ye alghali,qavi hāfeze ey ahl-e zamān barā-ye loqat-o adab bude.Dar malazkurd bar Forāt šarqi...

Sāhiba soltān donboli

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Sāhebe soltān donboli)kurdi-ye tabār): sāhebe‌-ye bent-e Karimxān-e donboli, hamsar-e Abolfathxān-e ebn-e Mortezā Qoli Xān-e dovvom donboli bude-vo (šahbāz) taxallos mey karde-vo dar avāset-e qarn-e...

Mir ibn Abdolqaffār

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available U hosn-e bon-e qāder-e bon-e Abdolqāder bon-e Ebrāhim-e bon-e Abdorrahmān bon-e Ebrāhim-e mašhur be mirzā ebn-e Abdolqaffār-e ebn-e Ebrāhim-e ebn-e Abdolkarim-e ebn-e abi bakre mosnef bude-ast.Dar hodud...

Yūnus al-Kātib al-Mug̲h̲annī

Abū Sulaymān Yūnus b. Sulaymān b. Kurd b. S̲h̲ahriyār,(ibn sulayman ibn kurd ibn shahriyar) wellknown musician and writer on music in the first half of the 2nd/8th century. He was the son of a jurist ( faḳīh ) of Persian origin and a mawlā of the family of al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām (Ḳurays̲h̲). Yūnus was born and grew up...

Nasr Dinvari 

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available nasre -bne Ya’qub-e Dinvari abu sa’d ke tavallā amal qarz-o e’tā rā dar Neyšābur bar ohde dāšt-o har gāh soltān yamin al;-dole Mahmud-e bon-e Saboktakin mohtāj be neveštan-e javāb-e nāme‌-ye ye xalife...

Abu Hafs Umar al-Suhrawardi

Abu Hafs Umar al-Suhrawardi(–1144-1234) was a Kurdish Sufi from Chorasmia and nephew ofAbu al-Najib al-Suhrawardi. he was Shafi'i (Sunni religion).According to Ibn Hawqal,the kurdish geographer of the fourth century AH, the people of Suhraward, spoke Kurdish and Kurdish were descendants. The Gifts of Deep Knowledge He...

Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi

Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi a (1097–1168) was a kurdish sufi (Sunni religion).who was born in Sohrevardnear Zanjan and founded the Suhrawardiyya Sufi order..According to Ibn Hawqal,the kurdish geographer of the fourth century AH, the people of Suhraward, spoke Kurdish and Kurdish were descendants. He studied Islamic law...

Ebrāhim gurāni

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Dar Šahrān(šārān)az tavābe-e šahr-e zur dar nāhiye‌-ye ye Marivān be sal 1,025 motevalled-o dar šām-o Mesr-o Hejāz āmuxt-o dar Madine sāken šod-o 1,101 dar Madine vafāt yāft-o marqad-aš dar baqi’-ast....

Ebrāhim ibn abdollah

References: the kurdish notables:mystics,scholars,men of letters,poets:mardukh ruhani No text translation available Ebrāhim-e bon-e abdollah e khalati-e daridi taghriban dar 720hejri motevalled šode-ast.Dar šahr-e xod be kasb dāneš pardāxt ,-o dar pāre‌-ye ey az olum-e māher-o ostād gardid,-o be šahr Halab raft-o dar...

Mohammad ibn Solaymān

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Ismail al-Jazari


Badi'al-Zaman Abū al-'Izz Ismā'īl ibn al-Razāz al-Jazarī

Title    al-Jazari
Born    1136CE
Died    1206CE
Nationality Kurdish
Era    Islamic golden age
Main interest(s)    
scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, 
craftsman,  artist, and mathematician
Father of Robotics World

Badi'al-Zaman Abū al-'Izz ibn Ismā'īl ibn al-Razāz al-Jazarī (1136–1206)  ,  was an, a Kurdish polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, craftsman, artist, and mathematician from Jazirat ibn Umar (current Cizre), who lived during the Islamic Golden Age (Middle Ages). He is best known for writing the al-Jāmiʿ bain al-ʿilm wa al-ʿamal al-nāfiʿ fī ṣināʿat al-ḥiyal (The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices) in 1206, where he described 100 mechanical devices, some 80 of which are trick vessels of various kinds, along with instructions on how to construct them
 Ibn al-Jazari invented the crankshaft, including important patents that car started early today.
 The elephant clock was one of the most famous inventions of al-Jazari.
Life story
Jazarī was Kurdish-speaking and he was born and raised in the city of Jazirat ibn Umar (Kurdish: Cizîr) which is still an ancient Kurdish city, is a geographical region located in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, Syria and Turkey, which is surrounded by the Anatolian mountains and the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Little is known about al-Jazari, and most of that comes from the introduction to his Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices. He was named after the area in which he was born (the city of Jazirat ibn Umar). Like his father before him, he served as chief engineer at the Artuklu Palace, the residence of the Mardin branch of the Turkish Artuqid dynasty which ruled across eastern Anatolia as vassals of the Zangid rulers of Mosul and later Ayyubid general Saladin.[16] He was born in the city of Tor,[17] now located in the district of Cizre in south-Eastern Turkey.

al-Jazari was part of a tradition of craftsmen and was thus more of a practical engineer than an inventor[18] who appears to have been "more interested in the craftsmanship necessary to construct the devices than in the technology which lay behind them" and his machines were usually "assembled by trial and error rather than by theoretical calculation."[19] His Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices appears to have been quite popular as it appears in a large number of manuscript copies, and as he explains repeatedly, he only describes devices he has built himself. According to Mayr, the book's style resembles that of a modern "do-it-yourself" book.[20]

Some of his devices were inspired by earlier devices, such as one of his monumental water clocks, which was based on that of a Pseudo-Archimedes.[21] He also cites the influence of the Banu Musa brothers for his fountains, al-Asturlabi for the design of a candle clock, and Hibat Allah ibn al-Husayn (d. 1139) for musical automata. Al-Jazari goes on to describe the improvements he made to the work of his predecessors, and describes a number of devices, techniques and components that are original innovations which do not appear in the works by his precessors.[22]


Diagram of a hydropowered perpetual flute from The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices by Al-Jazari in 1206.

Mechanisms and methods
While many of al-Jazari's inventions may now appear to be trivial, the most significant aspect of al-Jazari's machines are the mechanisms, components, ideas, methods, and design features which they employ.[16]

Camshaft
The camshaft, a shaft to which cams are attached, was first introduced in 1206 by al-Jazari, who employed them in his automata,[23] water clocks (such as the candle clock)[24] and water-raising machines.[23] The cam and camshaft later appeared in European mechanisms from the 14th century.[25]

Crankshaft and crank-slider mechanism
The eccentrically mounted handle of the rotary handmill in 5th century BC Spain that spread across the Roman Empire constitutes a crank.[26] The earliest evidence of a crank and connecting rod mechanism dates to the 3rd century AD Hierapolis sawmill in the Roman Empire.[26] The crank also appears in the mid-9th century in several of the hydraulic devices described by the Banū Mūsā brothers in their Book of Ingenious Devices.[27]

In 1206, al-Jazari invented an early crankshaft,[28][29] which he incorporated with a crank-connecting rod mechanism in his twin-cylinder pump.[30] Like the modern crankshaft, Al-Jazari's mechanism consisted of a wheel setting several crank pins into motion, with the wheel's motion being circular and the pins moving back-and-forth in a straight line.[28] The crankshaft described by al-Jazari[28][29] transforms continuous rotary motion into a linear reciprocating motion,[30] and is central to modern machinery such as the steam engine, internal combustion engine and automatic controls.[29][31]

He used the crankshaft with a connecting rod in two of his water-raising machines: the crank-driven saqiya chain pump and the double-action reciprocating piston suction pump.[30][32] His water pump also employed the first known crank-slider mechanism.[33]

Design and construction methods
English technology historian Donald Routledge Hill writes:

    We see for the first time in al-Jazari's work several concepts important for both design and construction: the lamination of timber to minimize warping, the static balancing of wheels, the use of wooden templates (a kind of pattern), the use of paper models to establish designs, the calibration of orifices, the grinding of the seats and plugs of valves together with emery powder to obtain a watertight fit, and the casting of metals in closed mold boxes with sand.[16]

Escapement mechanism in a rotating wheel
Al-Jazari invented a method for controlling the speed of rotation of a wheel using an escapement mechanism.[34]

Mechanical controls
According to Donald Routledge Hill, al-Jazari described several early mechanical controls, including "a large metal door, a combination lock and a lock with four bolts."[16]

Segmental gear
A segmental gear is "a piece for receiving or communicating reciprocating motion from or to a cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular gear, or ring, having cogs on the periphery, or face."[35] Professor Lynn Townsend White, Jr. wrote:

    Segmental gears first clearly appear in al-Jazari, in the West they emerge in Giovanni de Dondi's astronomical clock finished in 1364, and only with the great Sienese engineer Francesco di Giorgio (1501) did they enter the general vocabulary of European machine design.[36]
Water-raising machines
 al-Jazari's hydropowered saqiya chain pump device.

Al-Jazari invented five machines for raising water,[37] as well as watermills and water wheels with cams on their axle used to operate automata,[38] in the 12th and 13th centuries, and described them in 1206. It was in these water-raising machines that he introduced his most important ideas and components.

Saqiya chain pumps
The first known use of a crankshaft in a chain pump was in one of al-Jazari's saqiya machines. The concept of minimizing intermittent working is also first implied in one of al-Jazari's saqiya chain pumps, which was for the purpose of maximising the efficiency of the saqiya chain pump. Al-Jazari also constructed a water-raising saqiya chain pump which was run by hydropower rather than manual labour, though the Chinese were also using hydropower for chain pumps prior to him. Saqiya machines like the ones he described have been supplying water in Damascus since the 13th century up until modern times,[39] and were in everyday use throughout the medieval Islamic world.[40]
Double-action suction pump with valves and reciprocating piston motion

Citing the Byzantine siphon used for discharging Greek fire as an inspiration,[41] al-Jazari went on to describe the first suction pipes, suction pump, double-action pump, and made early uses of valves and a crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism, when he invented a twin-cylinder reciprocating piston suction pump. This pump is driven by a water wheel, which drives, through a system of gears, an oscillating slot-rod to which the rods of two pistons are attached. The pistons work in horizontally opposed cylinders, each provided with valve-operated suction and delivery pipes. The delivery pipes are joined above the centre of the machine to form a single outlet into the irrigation system. This water-raising machine had a direct significance for the development of modern engineering. This pump is remarkable for three reasons:[16][42][43]

    The first known use of a true suction pipe (which sucks fluids into a partial vacuum) in a pump.
    The first application of the double-acting principle.
    The conversion of rotary to reciprocating motion, via the crank-connecting rod mechanism.

al-Jazari's suction piston pump could lift 13.6 metres of water,[citation needed] with the help of delivery pipes. This was more advanced than the suction pumps that appeared in 15th-century Europe, which lacked delivery pipes. It was not, however, any more efficient than a noria commonly used by the Muslim world at the time.[43]

Water supply system
al-Jazari developed the earliest water supply system to be driven by gears and hydropower, which was built in 13th century Damascus to supply water to its mosques and Bimaristan hospitals. The system had water from a lake turn a scoop-wheel and a system of gears which transported jars of water up to a water channel that led to mosques and hospitals in the city.[44]
Automata
al-Jazari built automated moving peacocks driven by hydropower.[45] He also invented the earliest known automatic gates, which were driven by hydropower.[44] He also created automatic doors as part of one of his elaborate water clocks,[16] He also invented water wheels with cams on their axle used to operate automata.[38] According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the Italian Renaissance inventor Leonardo da Vinci may have been influenced by the classic automata of al-Jazari.[46]

Mark E. Rosheim summarizes the advances in robotics made by Arab engineers, especially al-Jazari, as follows:

    Unlike the Greek designs, these Arab examples reveal an interest, not only in dramatic illusion, but in manipulating the environment for human comfort. Thus, the greatest contribution the Arabs made, besides preserving, disseminating and building on the work of the Greeks, was the concept of practical application. This was the key element that was missing in Greek robotic science.[47]

    The Arabs, on the other hand, displayed an interest in creating human-like machines for practical purposes but lacked, like other preindustrial societies, any real impetus to pursue their robotic science.[48]

Drink-serving waitress
One of al-Jazari's humanoid automata was a waitress that could serve water, tea or drinks. The drink was stored in a tank with a reservoir from where the drink drips into a bucket and, after seven minutes, into a cup, after which the waitress appears out of an automatic door serving the drink.[49]

Hand-washing automaton with flush mechanism
al-Jazari invented a hand washing automaton incorporating a flush mechanism now used in modern flush toilets. It features a female humanoid automaton standing by a basin filled with water. When the user pulls the lever, the water drains and the female automaton refills the basin.[50]

Peacock fountain with automated servants
al-Jazari's "peacock fountain" was a more sophisticated hand washing device featuring humanoid automata as servants which offer soap and towels. Mark E. Rosheim describes it as follows:[47]

    Pulling a plug on the peacock's tail releases water out of the beak; as the dirty water from the basin fills the hollow base a float rises and actuates a linkage which makes a servant figure appear from behind a door under the peacock and offer soap. When more water is used, a second float at a higher level trips and causes the appearance of a second servant figure — with a towel!

Musical robot band
 Al-Jazari's musical robot band.
al-Jazari's work described fountains and musical automata, in which the flow of water alternated from one large tank to another at hourly or half-hourly intervals. This operation was achieved through his innovative use of hydraulic switching.[16]

al-Jazari created a musical automaton, which was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. Professor Noel Sharkey has argued that it is quite likely that it was an early programmable automata and has produced a possible reconstruction of the mechanism; it has a programmable drum machine with pegs (cams) that bump into little levers that operated the percussion. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns if the pegs were moved around.[51]

Clocks
al-Jazari constructed a variety of water clocks and candle clocks. These included a portable water-powered scribe clock, which was a meter high and half a meter wide, reconstructed successfully at the Science Museum (London) in 1976[38][52] Al-Jazari also invented monumental water-powered astronomical clocks which displayed moving models of the Sun, Moon, and stars.
Candle clocks
One of al-Jazari's  candle clocks.
According to Donald Routledge Hill, al-Jazari described the most sophisticated candle clocks known to date. Hill described one of al-Jazari's candle clocks as follows:[16]

    The candle, whose rate of burning was known, bore against the underside of the cap, and its wick passed through the hole. Wax collected in the indentation and could be removed periodically so that it did not interfere with steady burning. The bottom of the candle rested in a shallow dish that had a ring on its side connected through pulleys to a counterweight. As the candle burned away, the weight pushed it upward at a constant speed. The automata were operated from the dish at the bottom of the candle. No other candle clocks of this sophistication are known.

al-Jazari's candle clock also included a dial to display the time and, for the first time, employed a bayonet fitting, a fastening mechanism still used in modern times.[53]

Elephant clock
Main article: Elephant clock

The elephant clock was described by al-Jazari in 1206 is notable for several innovations. It was the first clock in which an automaton reacted after certain intervals of time (in this case, a humanoid robot striking the cymbal and a mechanical robotic bird chirping) and the first water clock to accurately record the passage of the temporal hours to match the uneven length of days throughout the year.[54]
 Automatic castle clock of al-Jazari, 14th century copy.
Castle clock
Main article: Castle clock

al-Jazari's largest astronomical clock was the "castle clock", which was a complex device that was about 11 feet (3.4 m) high, and had multiple functions besides timekeeping. It included a display of the zodiac and the solar and lunar orbits, and an innovative feature of the device was a pointer in the shape of the crescent moon which travelled across the top of a gateway, moved by a hidden cart, and caused automatic doors to open, each revealing a mannequin, every hour.[16][55] Another innovative feature was the ability to re-program the length of day and night in order to account for their changes throughout the year. Another feature of the device was five automaton musicians who automatically play music when moved by levers operated by a hidden camshaft attached to a water wheel.[24] Other components of the castle clock included a main reservoir with a float, a float chamber and flow regulator, plate and valve trough, two pulleys, crescent disc displaying the zodiac, and two falcon automata dropping balls into vases.[56]
Weight-driven water clocks
al-Jazari invented water clocks that were driven by both water and weights. These included geared clocks and a portable water-powered scribe clock, which was a meter high and half a meter wide. The scribe with his pen was synonymous to the hour hand of a modern clock.[38][52] al-Jazari's famous water-powered scribe clock was reconstructed successfully at the Science Museum (London) in 1976.
 
Miniature paintings
Alongside his accomplishments as an inventor and engineer, al-Jazari was also an accomplished artist. In The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, he gave instructions of his inventions and illustrated them using miniature paintings, a medieval style of Islamic art

Notes

al-Jazari, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices: Kitáb fí ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya, transl. & anno. Donald R. Hill. (1973), Springer Science+Business Media.
Beckwith 1997, p. 290.
Marco Ceccarelli, ed. (2010). Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science - Part 2. Springer. pp. 1–21. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2346-9. ISBN 978-90-481-2345-2.
Donald Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American, May 1991, pp. 64-9 (cf. Donald Hill, Mechanical Engineering Archived 25 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine.)
Donald R. Hill, in Dictionary of scientific biography, 15, suppl. I, p. 254.
Tibbetts, G. R. (1975), "Review: Donald R. Hill, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Kitab fi ma'rifat al-hiyal alhandasiyya), by Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 38 (1): 151–153 [152], doi:10.1017/S0041977X00047182
pp. 32–33, The Origins of Feedback Control, Otto Mayr, MIT Press, 1970, ISBN 0-262-13067-X.
Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, al-Jazari And the History of the Water Clock Archived 26 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Banū Mūsā, Donald Hill (1979), The book of ingenious devices (Kitāb al-ḥiyal), Springer, pp. 21–2, ISBN 90-277-0833-9
Georges Ifrah (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quatum Computer, p. 171, Trans. E.F. Harding, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (See [1])
Ancient Discoveries, Episode 11: Ancient Robots, History, retrieved 6 September 2008
A. Lehr (1981), De Geschiedenis van het Astronomisch Kunstuurwerk, p. 227, Den Haag. (See odur.let.rug.nl)
Tullia Ritti, Klaus Grewe, Paul Kessener: "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications“, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20 (2007), pp. 138–163 (159)
A. F. L. Beeston, M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant (1990), The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature, Cambridge University Press, p. 266, ISBN 0-521-32763-6
Sally Ganchy, Sarah Gancher (2009), Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. 41, ISBN 1-4358-5066-1
Paul Vallely, How Islamic Inventors Changed the World, The Independent, 11 March 2006.
Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine Archived 12 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Hill 1998, p. 231–232.
A. F. L. Beeston, M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant (1990), The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature, Cambridge University Press, pp. 270–1, ISBN 0-521-32763-6
Lotfi Romdhane & Saïd Zeghloul (2010), "al-Jazari (1136–1206)", History of Mechanism and Machine Science, Springer, 7: 1–21, doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2346-9, ISBN 978-90-481-2346-9, ISSN 1875-3442
Donald Hill, "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2, pp. 751–795 [792]. Routledge, London and New York.
Segment gear, TheFreeDictionary.com
The Automata of Al-Jazari. The Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul. Archived 21 April 2003 at the Wayback Machine.
Donald Hill (1996), A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times, Routledge, p. 224
Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, al-Jazari and the History of the Water Clock Archived 26 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Donald Hill, "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2, pp. 751–795 [776]. Routledge, London and New York.
Hill 2013, p. 150.
Ahmad Y. al-Hassan. "The Origin of the Suction Pump: al-Jazari 1206 A.D." Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
Hill 2013, pp. 143.
Hill 2013, p. 150-2.
Hill 2013.
Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction, p. 81, University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-78149-0
al-Jazari (Islamic artist), Encyclopædia Britannica.
"al-Jazari". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
Rosheim, Mark E. (1994), Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics, Wiley-IEEE, p. 9, ISBN 0-471-02622-0
Rosheim, Mark E. (1994), Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics, Wiley-IEEE, p. 36, ISBN 0-471-02622-0
Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East, History, retrieved 6 September 2008
Rosheim, Mark E. (1994), Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics, Wiley-IEEE, pp. 9–10, ISBN 0-471-02622-0
Professor Noel Sharkey, A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive), University of Sheffield.
Ibn al-Razzaz Al-Jazari (ed. 1974) The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, Translated and annotated by Donald Hill, Dordrecht / D. Reidel, part II.
Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East, History, retrieved 7 September 2008
Hill 1992, pp. 57–59.
Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction, p. 184. University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-78149-0.

    Salim Al-Hassani (13 March 2008). "How it Works: Mechanism of the Castle Clock". FSTC. Retrieved 6 September 2008.

References

Ulrich Alertz, The Horologium of Hārūn al-Rashīd Presented to Charlemagne – An Attempt to Identify and Reconstruct the Clock Using the Instructions Given by al-Jazarī, in: Zielinski, Siegfried; Fürlus, Eckhard (2010). Variantology: On deep time relations of arts, sciences and technologies in the Arabic-Islamic world and beyond. Distributed Art Pub Incorporated. ISBN 978-3-86560-732-4.
Beckwith, Guy V. (1 October 1997). Readings in Technology and Civilization. Pearson Custom Publishing. ISBN 978-0-536-00579-3.
Claus-Peter Haase, Modest Variations—Theoretical Tradition and Practical Innovation in the Mechanical Arts from Antiquity to the Arab Middle Ages, in: Zielinski, Siegfried; Fürlus, Eckhard (2010). Variantology: On deep time relations of arts, sciences and technologies in the Arabic-Islamic world and beyond. Distributed Art Pub Incorporated. ISBN 978-3-86560-732-4.
al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.; Hill, Donald (1992). Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42239-0.
Hill, Donald (2012). The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices: (Kitāb fī ma 'rifat al-ḥiyal al-handasiyya). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-010-2573-7.
Hill, Donald (2013). A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-76157-0.
Hill, Donald (1998). Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology: From Philo to Al-Jazarī, from Alexandria to Diyār Bakr. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-86078-606-1.
George Saliba, Blurred Edges—At the Intersection of Science, Culture, and Art, in: Zielinski, Siegfried; Fürlus, Eckhard (2010). Variantology: On deep time relations of arts, sciences and technologies in the Arabic-Islamic world and beyond. Distributed Art Pub Incorporated. ISBN 978-3-86560-732-4.
Amnon Shiloah, The Paradigmatic-Individualistic Approach of Arab Musical Creativeness, in: Zielinski, Siegfried; Fürlus, Eckhard (2010). Variantology: On deep time relations of arts, sciences and technologies in the Arabic-Islamic world and beyond. Distributed Art Pub Incorporated. ISBN 978-3-86560-732-4.
Eilhard Wiedemann, On Musical Automata, in: Zielinski, Siegfried; Fürlus, Eckhard (2010). Variantology: On deep time relations of arts, sciences and technologies in the Arabic-Islamic world and beyond. Distributed Art Pub Incorporated. ISBN 978-3-86560-732-4.
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